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Medicine in the medieval period (c1000--1500) was shaped by a combination of religious belief, classical ideas inherited from the ancient world, and folk remedies passed down through generations. Understanding the key ideas and treatments of this era is essential for the AQA GCSE History: Health and the People unit.
Medieval medicine was dominated by the ideas of two ancient physicians: Hippocrates (c460--370 BC) and Galen (c129--216 AD). Their theories survived through Arabic translations and were taught in medieval European universities.
| Thinker | Key Idea | Influence on Medieval Medicine |
|---|---|---|
| Hippocrates | The Theory of the Four Humours | Disease was caused by an imbalance in four bodily fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile |
| Galen | The Theory of Opposites | Treatments should use the opposite quality to restore balance, e.g. a cold illness treated with something hot |
| Galen | Anatomical writings based on animal dissection | Accepted as medical authority by the Church for over 1,000 years |
Exam Tip: Galen's ideas were promoted by the Church because he believed the body was designed by a creator. This meant challenging Galen was seen as challenging God --- a key reason why medical progress was so slow in the medieval period.
The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in medieval Europe and had an enormous influence on medicine.
Medieval people did not understand the true causes of disease. Common explanations included:
| Explanation | Detail |
|---|---|
| God's punishment | Illness was sent as a test of faith or punishment for sin |
| The Devil or evil spirits | Demonic possession could cause illness |
| Astrology | The alignment of planets and stars was believed to affect health |
| Miasma | "Bad air" or foul smells from rotting material were thought to cause disease |
Key Term: Miasma --- the belief that disease was caused by poisonous vapours in the air. This idea persisted for centuries and was not fully overturned until the development of germ theory in the 1860s.
Treatments in the medieval period were based on the ideas above. Most aimed to rebalance the humours or appeal to God for a cure.
| Treatment | How It Worked |
|---|---|
| Bloodletting | Removing blood using a knife or leeches to reduce excess blood |
| Purging | Using laxatives or inducing vomiting to remove excess humours |
| Herbal remedies | Plants such as mint, sage, and camomile were used to treat symptoms |
| Prayer and pilgrimage | Visiting holy shrines or praying to saints associated with healing |
| Charms and amulets | Wearing or carrying objects believed to ward off illness |
| Practitioner | Role |
|---|---|
| Physicians | University-trained (very expensive); diagnosed illness using urine charts and astrology; rarely examined patients |
| Apothecaries | Prepared and sold herbal remedies; a cheaper alternative to physicians |
| Barber-surgeons | Performed minor surgery, tooth-pulling, and bloodletting; no formal training |
| Wise women and housewives | Used traditional herbal remedies; often the only option in rural areas |
| The Church | Monks and nuns provided care in monastic hospitals; focused on prayer and rest |
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| c460 BC | Hippocrates develops the Theory of the Four Humours |
| c170 AD | Galen writes medical texts based on the Theory of Opposites |
| c1100s | First medical schools established in Europe (e.g. Salerno, Italy) |
| 1215 | Pope Innocent III encourages the founding of hospitals |
Medieval medicine was a period of continuity rather than change. Ideas from the classical world were accepted without question, and the Church reinforced these beliefs by controlling education and promoting religious explanations for disease. Treatments were largely ineffective because the true causes of disease were not understood.
Exam Tip: A common 16-mark question asks you to evaluate how far medieval medicine was influenced by the Church. Make sure you can argue both sides --- the Church both helped (hospitals, literacy) and hindered (preventing dissection, promoting Galen) medical progress.