The Origins of the Cold War

The Cold War was a period of ideological, political, and military tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that lasted from 1945 to 1991. Although the two superpowers never fought each other directly, their rivalry shaped global politics for nearly half a century. This lesson explores the roots of the conflict and the key events that turned wartime allies into bitter adversaries.

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Wartime Alliance and Growing Tensions

During the Second World War, the USA, Britain, and the Soviet Union formed the Grand Alliance to defeat Nazi Germany. However, the alliance was always based on necessity rather than genuine trust. The three powers had very different political systems and post-war ambitions.

Factor	USA	Soviet Union
Political system	Liberal democracy	Communist one-party state
Economic system	Capitalism — free market	Communism — state-controlled economy
Post-war aim	Spread democracy and open markets	Create a buffer zone of friendly states in Eastern Europe
Leader (1945)	Harry S. Truman	Joseph Stalin

Exam Tip: When explaining the origins of the Cold War, always refer to ideological differences as the fundamental underlying cause. Examiners want to see that you understand the clash between capitalism and communism was more than just a political disagreement — it was a clash of worldviews.

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Key Conferences

Three major wartime conferences attempted to plan the post-war world, but they also revealed deep divisions.

The Tehran Conference (November 1943)

• The Big Three (Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin) met for the first time.
• They agreed to open a second front in Western Europe (D-Day).
• Stalin was promised influence over Eastern Europe after the war.

The Yalta Conference (February 1945)

• Germany would be divided into four zones of occupation (USA, Britain, France, Soviet Union).
• Berlin would also be divided into four sectors.
• Stalin agreed to hold free elections in liberated Eastern European countries.
• The United Nations would be established.
• The USSR would join the war against Japan.

The Potsdam Conference (July–August 1945)

• By Potsdam, Roosevelt had died and been replaced by Truman, who was more suspicious of Stalin.
• Germany was to be demilitarised and de-Nazified.
• Disagreements emerged over reparations — Stalin wanted to cripple Germany economically; Truman wanted to rebuild it.
• Truman revealed the existence of the atomic bomb, increasing Stalin's suspicion.

Conference	Date	Key Agreements	Key Tensions
Tehran	Nov 1943	Second front, Soviet influence in East	Limited — alliance still strong
Yalta	Feb 1945	Zones of Germany, free elections, UN	Stalin's commitment to free elections questioned
Potsdam	Jul–Aug 1945	Demilitarisation, de-Nazification	Reparations, atomic bomb, Poland's borders

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Key Figures

• Franklin D. Roosevelt — US President until April 1945. Took a relatively cooperative approach toward Stalin.
• Harry S. Truman — Became President after Roosevelt's death. Adopted a much tougher stance against Soviet expansion.
• Joseph Stalin — Soviet leader who sought security by controlling Eastern Europe.
• Winston Churchill — British Prime Minister (replaced by Attlee at Potsdam). Warned of Soviet expansion.

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The Atomic Bomb

The USA's successful test of the atomic bomb in July 1945 (the Trinity test) changed the balance of power. Truman used it partly as a diplomatic tool — he informed Stalin at Potsdam in a deliberate show of strength.

The bombing of Hiroshima (6 August 1945) and Nagasaki (9 August 1945) ended the war with Japan but also:

• Demonstrated overwhelming US military power.
• Made Stalin determined to develop the Soviet Union's own nuclear weapon (achieved in 1949).
• Created a climate of mutual suspicion that would define the Cold War.

Exam Tip: A common 12-mark question asks: "Which was the more important reason for the start of the Cold War — the conferences or the atomic bomb?" Plan your answer by evaluating both sides and reaching a clear judgement.

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Summary

Key Point	Detail
Underlying cause	Ideological differences — capitalism vs communism
Wartime alliance	Grand Alliance held together by the common enemy of Nazi Germany
Key conferences	Tehran (1943), Yalta (Feb 1945), Potsdam (Jul 1945)
Turning point	Truman's tougher approach and the atomic bomb
Outcome	Wartime allies became Cold War enemies by 1945–1946

Exam Tip: Always link back to the ideological divide when discussing the origins of the Cold War. Even when describing specific events like the conferences or the atomic bomb, show how they were made worse by the fundamental clash between capitalism and communism.